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FAUNAL DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF AQUATIC INSECTS IN SINGANULLUR LAKE, COIMBATORE, TAMILNADU.
Author(s):
Susheela.P , Radha.R.
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1-7 |
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FAUNAL DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF AQUATIC INSECTS IN SINGANULLUR LAKE, COIMBATORE, TAMILNADU.
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Aquatic biodiversity is one of the most essential characteristics of an aquatic ecosystem for maintaining stability and a means of coping with any environmental change. The presence or absence of certain families of aquatic insects can indicate whether or not a particular body of water is healthy or polluted. Studying life cycles of aquatic insects and their relationships with other organisms and their own environment can give insight into many different areas of ecology, including population dynamics, competition and predator-prey interactions. An inventory was carried out to study the aquatic entomo-fauna, their diversity and distribution in the Singanallur lake of Coimbatore district for a period of four months from April to July 2014 from the three sampling sites of the lake. A total of 1633 aquatic insects were recorded. Insects belonging to the orders Hemiptera and Coleoptera showed higher species richness followed by those belonging to Odonata, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera respectively. This study re-emphasized the potential of the Singanullur lake as an important area of biological diversity.
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF SHOOT N, P AND K TO SWEET POTATO (Convolvulus arvensis L.)
Author(s):
Ramakrishna Hegde , Ravindra Tanaji Patil.
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8-12 |
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF SHOOT N, P AND K TO SWEET POTATO (Convolvulus arvensis L.)
Abstract
Trials were conducted during the dry seasons of 2013/2014 at the Irrigation Farm, Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru to test the response of four varieties of Sweet potato((PR-6, TX PR, LA 07-146 and B-14) to four rates of NPK fertilizer (0, 300, 600 and 900 kg/ha), two forms of seed tuber (whole and cut-tubers). Positive and highly significant correlation (P = 0.01) was observed between tuber yield and shoot N (r = 0.47, 0.74 and 0.57), P (r = 0.51, 0.41 and 0.57) and K (r = 0.33, 0.48 and 0.47) during the dry seasons of 1998/99 and 1999/2000 and the combined of the two seasons, respectively. A strong and positive relationship (P = 0.01) was also found when shoot N, P and K contents were correlated among each other during the two seasons and the two year combined except in 1998/99 dry season when a positive though non significant correlation was observed between shoot N and shoot K (r = 0.15). The direct contributions of shoot N and P to tuber yield were generally much higher than the indirect contributions except for shoot K whose indirect contribution to tuber yield out weighed that of the direct contributions in most cases.
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Evaluation of Tamarindus Indica Seed Coat for its Antimicrobial Activity and Acute Oral Toxicity
Author(s):
Sujith S , Sreedevi R , Suja Rani. S , Juliet, S.
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13-18 |
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Evaluation of Tamarindus Indica Seed Coat for its Antimicrobial Activity and Acute Oral Toxicity
Abstract
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica, Fabaceae), a tropical fruit found in Africa and Asia is highly valued for its pulp. The in-vitro antimicrobial and in- vivo acute oral toxicity of different extracts of Tamarind seed coat was assessed. The seed coat was extracted using methanol and water and the methanolic extract was then fractionated using different solvents based on the increasing strength of polarity. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts was done qualitatively using standard techniques. Agar gel dilution technique was used to find out the antibacterial and antifungal activities against the various pathogens of veterinary and human importance. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined by broth dilution and serial dilution plate technique for bacteria and fungi respectively. The extracts were given orally at the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg to adult Wistar rats to find the acute oral toxicity. Well defined margins of inhibition were obtained with MIC of 3.125 -12.5 for the crude alcoholic extract and its fractions. The fractions of the methanolic extract showed inhibition of P. multocida and C. neoformans at dose rate of 3.125 mg/ml. The aqueous extract showed less activity when compared to the alcoholic extract. None of the animals showed any clinical signs of toxicity. Hence the seed coat can be further exploited for its use as a good antimicrobial agent.
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Effect of Mallotus Phillipensis Flower Extracts against the Third Stage Larvae of Haemonchus contortus
Author(s):
Deepa C K , Darsana U , Sujith S , Priya M N , Juliet S.
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19-23 |
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Effect of Mallotus Phillipensis Flower Extracts against the Third Stage Larvae of Haemonchus contortus
Abstract
The anthelmintic activity of methanolic, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of flower of Mallotus phillipensis was assessed invitro using larvicidal activity on L3 stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques and the acute oral toxicity of the extracts were studied in rats as per OECD guidelines 420. Freshly collected faeces from infected goats were cultured using modified Veglia’s method and the larvae were collected after 12 days for performing larvicidal activity. Extracts were diluted using distilled water to provide final concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml and Albendazole and ivermectin served as positive control whereas distilled water served as negative control. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. The methanolic extract caused death of larvae even at 6.25 mg/ml whereas the aqueous extract showed activity only at 50 mg/ml. The larvae showed initial increase in wriggling movements and then showed contractions and death. None of the extracts showed any toxicity reaction during the entire 14 days of observation. From the study it could be found that the methanolic extract of flower of Mallotus phillipensis possess potent anthelmintic property and the isolation of molecule from the same can lead to the synthesis of a novel anthelmintic.
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Invitro ovicidal activity of Allophyllus cobbe leaf extracts against Haemonchus contortus
Author(s):
Priya M N , Darsana U , Sreedevi R , Deepa C K , Sujith, S.
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24-28 |
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Invitro ovicidal activity of Allophyllus cobbe leaf extracts against Haemonchus contortus
Abstract
The anthelmintic activity of methanolic, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Allophyllus cobbe was assessed invitro using egg hatch assay. Fresh ova of Haemonchus contortus from infected goat were concentrated using faecal flotation method and were washed with normal saline to remove the debris. 100µL of the washing containing approximately 100 ova were transferred to a 6 well plate and equal volume of extracts were added at dilutions of 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml. Albendazole and ivermectin at dose rates of 1 and 10 mg/ml served as positive control where as normal saline acted as negative control. They were incubated at 28ºC for 48 hours and the number of dead, live or hatched larvae and ova were counted under the microscope to assess the percentage of hatching. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done using standard protocols as well as the acute oral toxicity was assessed at the dose rate of 2000mg/kg in rats. The alcoholic extract at dose rates of 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/ml completely inhibited the hatching of ova where as the extract in the dose of 6.25 mg/ml produced only 50% inhibition. The ova were found disintegrated in the treatment groups with 50 and 25 mg/ml and also with the control drugs. None of the extracts showed any toxic reactions during the entire period of observations. From the study it could be concluded that the methanolic extract of Allophyllus cobbe showed potent anthelmintic property and the further isolation and characterization of the extract could prove a lead for the synthesis of a novel anthelmintic molecule.
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Phyto-chemical Characterisation and Evaluation of Neuropharmacological Activities of Mallotus Philippensis (Lamk) Muell. Arg.
Author(s):
Sindhu K , Sujith S , Jacob M , Juliet, S , Suja R S.
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29-38 |
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Phyto-chemical Characterisation and Evaluation of Neuropharmacological Activities of Mallotus Philippensis (Lamk) Muell. Arg.
Abstract
The Central nervous system activity of Mallotus phillipensis was assessed in rats taking into consideration the effect on the spontaneous and forced motor activity. The leaves of the plant collected locally were extracted using methanol and water. The phytochemical analysis of various extracts was done using standard techniques. The central nervous system activity of the extract at 250 mg/kg body weight orally was assessed based on the effect on general behavioral pattern and the effect on spontaneous and forced motor activity using digital photoactameter, Rota rod apparatus respectively and compared with diazepam @ 1 mg/kg. The acute oral toxicity of the extract was assessed in rats at limit dose of 2000 mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, terpenes and flavonoids in the extract. The extract in general reduced the spontaneous activity, alertness and awareness, but the effect was not as pronounced as that of diazepam. The forced motor and spontaneous motor activities were depressed better than diazepam and aqueous extract. From the study it could be concluded that the methanolic extract of M. philippensis at 250 mg/kg B.W. was safe depressant of the CNS.
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Antibacterial activity of honeys produced by five major bee species in Kerala
Author(s):
Krishnasree V , Mary Ukkuru P.
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39-45 |
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Antibacterial activity of honeys produced by five major bee species in Kerala
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the antibacterial efficacy of the honey produced by the five bee species that prevail in Kerala namely, Apis cerana indica F. (Ac), Apis mellifera L. (Am), Apis dorsata F. (Ad), Apis florea F. (Af) and Trigona irridipennis S. (Ti). Antibacterial study was carried out against seven bacterial strains of which three were gram positive and four were gram negative. The results obtained were compared with standard antibiotic ampicilline. It was found that the antibacterial efficacy was more in the honeys when they were taken in the pure form. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by measuring the zone inhibition diameter (ZID) exhibited by the honey against the pathogen.
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Effectiveness of a planned source reduction programme on Aedes mosquito control in a selected community in Malappuram – Kerala.
Author(s):
KISHOREKUMAR.P , MUJEEB.VK.
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46-50 |
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Effectiveness of a planned source reduction programme on Aedes mosquito control in a selected community in Malappuram – Kerala.
Abstract
A study to assess the effectiveness of a planned source reduction programme on Aedes mosquito control was conducted in a selected community in Malappuram district of Kerala State. The objectives were to identify the entomological monitoring parameters of Aedes aegypti in the selected community and to develop and assess the effectiveness of a planned source reduction programme on control of selected entomological monitoring parameters for Aedes mosquito. A quantitative - one group pre - test and post - test design was used. Planned home visits were conducted to 50 neighborhood households which were randomly sampled to carry out the pretest, on first visit and for and interventions on subsequent 2 weeks and a post test on last visit. After due validation of the experts and Delphi discussions with the practitioners in nursing and public health, a planned source reduction programme appropriate for the current Community Health Nursing practice through home visit was developed.
96 % ( n = 48) of the selected households reported mosquito breeding and 42 % ( n= 21) of them were not visited by any health worker or agencies for mosquito control activities in the last year. The planned source reduction programme was effective in significantly reducing the number of households affected with Aedes mosquitoes from 34 % (n = 17) to 16 % (n = 8) chi square value 4.320 ( p < 0.05 ). The House Index and the Breteau Index were 24 during pre test which is a high risk level for mosquito borne diseases especially those transmitting by Aedes mosquitoes. The Stegomyia Index was also at high level which was 328.3 during pre test. All these three indices were significantly reduced after the planned source reduction programme to a level of 14, 14 and 141.4 respectively (p 0.05).
The planned source reduction programme developed was highly effective in mosquito control especially of Aedes mosquitoes and recommends far and wide practice of the same by incorporating the intervention in planned home visits carried out by the community health nurses, other health workers and agencies in the community as well as by the family members themselves in their household.
Key words : Aedes; Source Reduction; Mosquito Control; Entomological monitoring parameter; Breteau Index; House Index; Container Index; Stegomyia Index.
